Molecular cloning and functional characterization of chicken brain tau: isoforms with up to five tandem repeats

Tau is a major microtubule-associated protein in mammalian brain, where it exists as multiple isoforms that are produced from a single gene by alternative mRNA splicing. Here we present the first report on the structure and function of tau protein from a nonmammalian vertebrate. In the adult chicken brain, five main tau isoforms are expressed. One isoform has three tandem repeats, two isoforms have four repeats each, and two isoforms have five repeats each. Similar to mammalian tau, some chicken tau isoforms contain an amino-terminal insert of 53 amino acids. Unlike mammalian tau, a 34 amino acid insert in the proline-rich region upstream of the repeats is alternatively spliced in chicken tau. It is preceded by a constitutively expressed sequence of 17 amino acids that is absent in tau from human and rodent brains. The expression of chicken tau isoforms and their phosphorylation are developmentally regulated, similar to what has been described in mammalian brain. Functionally, chicken tau isoforms with five repeats have the greatest ability to promote microtubule assembly, followed by isoforms with four and three repeats, respectively. The 34 amino acid insert positively influences both the rate and the extent of microtubule assembly, whereas the 53 amino acid insert only influences the extent of assembly.