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Developmental plasticity in respiratory control.

John L Carroll1

  • 1Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72202, USA. carrolljohnl@uams.edu

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|December 18, 2002
PubMed
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Early life experiences shape the developing respiratory control system through developmental plasticity. Critical periods of maturation are sensitive to environmental factors, altering long-term respiratory function.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Mammalian respiratory control system development is a prolonged process extending from gestation through early postnatal life.
  • This extended developmental window allows significant environmental interactions, including exposures to hypoxia, hyperoxia, and toxins.
  • These early-life experiences can induce developmental plasticity, altering the respiratory control neural network.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the concept of developmental plasticity in the context of respiratory control system maturation.
  • To define critical periods during development when environmental exposures significantly impact respiratory neural networks.
  • To understand how early-life experiences contribute to both normal and pathological respiratory control phenotypes.

Main Methods:

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  • The study reviews existing literature and concepts regarding respiratory control development and plasticity.
  • It examines the impact of environmental exposures during critical developmental windows.
  • Mechanisms of plasticity at the level of neural networks and chemoafferent pathways are discussed.

Main Results:

  • Early postnatal hyperoxia exposure can blunt adult ventilatory responses to hypoxia, illustrating developmental plasticity.
  • Developmental plasticity affects multiple sites (brainstem, chemoafferent pathways) and occurs via various mechanisms.
  • Environmental factors during critical periods can disrupt normal developmental trajectories.

Conclusions:

  • Respiratory control maturation is not solely genetically determined but involves complex gene-environment interactions.
  • Early-life experiences play a crucial role in guiding respiratory control development, potentially leading to maladaptive changes.
  • Developmental plasticity is a key factor underlying phenotypic diversity and pathological conditions in mature respiratory control.