Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2026

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
11:32

Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Population-based surveillance for hospitalized and ambulatory pediatric invasive pneumococcal disease in Santiago,

Rosanna Lagos1, Alma Muñoz, Maria Teresa Valenzuela

  • 1Centro para Vacunas en Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. rlagos@adsl.tie.cl

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|December 19, 2002
PubMed

Insights

Invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance in Chilean children shows that emergency room data is crucial. New conjugate vaccines could prevent most pediatric pneumococcal disease cases in Chile.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Pediatric pneumococcal disease poses a significant health burden, particularly in nonindustrialized countries.
  • The development of 9- and 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines offers a potential solution for disease control.
  • High vaccine cost necessitates robust disease burden data for effective implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish population-based surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease in children under 36 months in Santiago, Chile.
  • To provide health authorities with reliable data on disease burden and causative serotypes, including outpatient cases.
  • To inform public health strategies regarding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction.

Main Methods:

  • Automated blood culture systems were implemented in major Santiago hospitals.
  • Surveillance focused on acutely ill pediatric febrile ambulatory patients in emergency rooms (ERs) and primary care services.
  • A 12-month pilot study preceded the collection of blood cultures from children <36 months with high fever in ERs.

Main Results:

  • Invasive pneumococcal disease incidence was 33.9 cases/10(5) children among hospitalized patients and 27.0 cases/10(5) children among ambulatory ER patients.
  • Case fatality was significantly higher in hospitalized children (9.5%) compared to ambulatory cases (0%).
  • High-level resistance to penicillin and cefotaxime was more prevalent in isolates from hospitalized patients.

Conclusions:

  • Emergency room surveillance effectively identified approximately one pneumococcal bacteremia case in ambulatory patients for every hospitalized invasive case.
  • The majority of invasive pneumococcal disease cases (71% by serotype, 87% by serogroup) were caused by vaccine-targeted serotypes.
  • The study strongly supports the potential of 9- and 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines to prevent a substantial portion of invasive pediatric pneumococcal disease in Chile.
Abstract

More Related Videos

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage07:47

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage

Published on: February 15, 2013

Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia IV: Management01:28

Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include: