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Related Concept Videos

Kidney Structure01:45

Kidney Structure

76.3K
The kidneys are two large bean-shaped organs located in the upper abdomen. They filter the blood several times a day to remove toxins and rebalance water and electrolytes of the circulatory system via the renal veins. The kidneys receive blood directly from the heart via the renal arteries. These arteries enter the kidney at the hilum, the concave surface of the bean, where they branch and divide into smaller vessels and capillaries.
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Renal Drug Excretion: Overview01:15

Renal Drug Excretion: Overview

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As primary excretory organs, the kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste substances from the bloodstream. They comprise over a million units called nephrons, which serve as the kidney's functional units.
A nephron consists of two primary structures: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a network of capillaries where the first step of renal excretion, glomerular filtration, occurs. Blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

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Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
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Nephrons01:10

Nephrons

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The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Glomerular Filtration01:17

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Glomerular Filtration

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The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production takes place. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent...
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Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Mechanism of Kemeng Fang's Inhibition of Podocyte Apoptosis in Rats with Membranous Nephropathy through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway
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Mechanism of Kemeng Fang's Inhibition of Podocyte Apoptosis in Rats with Membranous Nephropathy through the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway

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Function and structure in the diphenylamine-exposed kidney.

K D Gardner, S Solomon, W W Fitzgerrel

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |March 11, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diphenylamine-induced kidney cysts in rats result from partial tubular obstruction. This obstruction elevates intratubular pressure, leading to nephron dilation and cyst formation, a key finding for understanding kidney disease.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nephrology
    • Toxicology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Diphenylamine exposure induces kidney cysts in rats.
    • Nephron structure and function are altered in cystic kidneys.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the functional and structural basis of kidney cyst formation in diphenylamine-treated rats.
    • To elucidate the role of intratubular pressure and obstruction in cystogenesis.

    Main Methods:

    • Standard micropuncture and microdissection techniques.
    • Analysis of nephron function (hydrostatic pressure, filtration, reabsorption) and structure.
    • Dietary induction of kidney cysts using diphenylamine in rats.

    Main Results:

    • Heterogeneous cystic lesions observed in 5-30% of nephrons.
    • Elevated intraluminal hydrostatic pressure in dilated nephrons without altered glomerular filtration or net water reabsorption.
    • Structural evidence of tubular occlusion, debris concretions, and cyst-induced pressure on adjacent tubules.

    Conclusions:

    • Elevated hydrostatic pressure in dilated nephrons is caused by incomplete tubular occlusion.
    • Cyst formation is linked to partial obstruction and increased intratubular pressure.
    • Findings support a model where partial obstruction drives cystogenesis in susceptible kidneys.