Toll-like receptor 2 ligands as adjuvants for human Th1 responses

Bacterial lipopeptides (bLPs) are increasingly used as adjuvants to activate cell-mediated immune responses to foreign Ags. To explore mechanisms whereby bLPs adjuvant T cell responses, we stimulated human PBMCs with bLPs. We found that bLPs stimulate T cells to proliferate and produce IFN-gamma in an accessory cell-dependent manner and in the absence of exogenous protein Ags. The ability of bLPs to stimulate T cell proliferation was Toll-like receptor 2 dependent and required IL-12, interaction with costimulatory molecules, and MHC proteins. Our data suggest that bLPs adjuvant adaptive Th1 responses by enhancing Ag presentation of endogenous peptides.