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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Claudiu T Supuran1, Andrea Scozzafava, Angela Casini

  • 1Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy. claudiu.supuran@unifi.it

Medicinal Research Reviews
|December 25, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are vital zinc enzymes with diverse physiological roles. Potent sulfonamide inhibitors show promise for treating glaucoma, cancer, and neurological disorders, with ongoing drug design advancements.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and enzymology
  • Pharmacology
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of zinc metalloenzymes with critical physiological functions in vertebrates.
  • At least 14 CA isoforms exist, localized in different cellular compartments (cytosolic, mitochondrial, membrane-bound, secreted) and including acatalytic forms (CARPs).
  • CAs are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, making them important therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of carbonic anhydrase isoforms.
  • To discuss the development and applications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, particularly sulfonamides.
  • To explore emerging therapeutic applications of CA inhibitors in glaucoma, cancer, and neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review of carbonic anhydrase research.
  • Analysis of catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of CAs.
  • Discussion of drug design strategies for CA inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Detailed understanding of CA catalytic and inhibition mechanisms has enabled the design of potent inhibitors.
  • Sulfonamide-based inhibitors are effective against glaucoma, exhibit anti-cancer activity, and have applications in neurological treatments.
  • New classes of CA-interacting compounds, including modified sulfonamides and hydroxamates, have been identified.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, especially sulfonamides, represent a versatile class of drugs with established and emerging clinical applications.
  • Isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors are being developed for targeted therapies.
  • Future research holds significant promise for novel drug design targeting carbonic anhydrases for various diseases.