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Dietary creatine supplementation and exercise performance: why inconsistent results?

Peter W R Lemon1

  • 1Exercise Nutrition Research Laboratory, the University of Western Ontario, London, ON.

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology = Revue Canadienne De Physiologie Appliquee
|December 26, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Creatine (Cr) supplementation may enhance athletic performance by increasing muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) stores and ATP production. While generally safe for short-term use, research is ongoing to understand long-term effects and address inconsistent findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Sports Science

Background:

  • Creatine (Cr) is a nitrogen-containing compound found in meat and fish, with growing interest in its ergogenic potential for athletes.
  • Athletes and scientists are investigating Cr's role in enhancing performance, particularly for high-intensity, brief exercise efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the proposed mechanisms behind creatine's ergogenic effects.
  • To explore potential explanations for inconsistent findings in creatine supplementation research.
  • To discuss the safety and broader therapeutic applications of creatine.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing scientific literature on creatine supplementation in athletes.
  • Analysis of proposed physiological mechanisms for acute and chronic creatine effects.

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  • Examination of safety data and dosage recommendations for creatine.

    • Main Results:

    • Acute creatine supplementation may enhance performance by increasing muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) stores, improving ATP regeneration, and potentially aiding in hydrogen ion buffering.
    • Chronic creatine supplementation, combined with strength training, may influence muscle protein metabolism and enhance training capacity.
    • Short-term creatine use shows minimal adverse effects, primarily a small increase in body mass; long-term safety data is limited but concerns may be overestimated.

    Conclusions:

    • Creatine supplementation demonstrates potential benefits for muscle mass and high-intensity power, though results can be inconsistent.
    • Further research is needed to clarify the reasons for inconsistent observations and establish long-term safety profiles.
    • The therapeutic potential of creatine may extend beyond athletics to conditions involving muscle weakness.