Green fluorescent protein variants as ratiometric dual emission pH sensors. 2. Excited-state dynamics

In the preceding paper [Hanson, G. T., McAnaney, T. B., Park, E. S., Rendell, M. E. P., Yarbrough, D. K., Chu, S., Xi, L., Boxer, S. G., Montrose, M. H., and Remington, S. J. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 15477-15488], novel mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) that exhibit dual steady-state emission properties were characterized structurally and discussed as potential intracellular pH probes. In this work, the excited-state dynamics of one of these new dual emission GFP variants, deGFP4 (C48S/S65T/H148C/T203C), is studied by ultrafast fluorescence upconversion spectroscopy. Following excitation of the high-energy absorption band centered at 398 nm and assigned to the neutral form of the chromophore, time-resolved emission was monitored from the excited state of both the neutral and intermediate anionic chromophores at both high and low pH and upon deuteration of exchangeable protons. The time-resolved emission dynamics and isotope effect appear to be very different from those of wild-type GFP [Chattoraj, M., King, B. A., Bublitz, G. U., and Boxer, S. G. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 8362-8367]; however, due to overlapping emission bands, the apparent difference can be analyzed quantitatively within the same framework used to describe GFP excited-state dynamics. The results indicate that the pH-sensitive steady-state emission characteristics of deGFP4 are a result of a pH-dependent modulation of the rate of excited-state proton transfer. At high pH, a rapid interconversion from the excited state of the higher energy neutral chromophore to the lower energy intermediate anionic chromophore is achieved by proton transfer. At low pH, excited-state proton transfer is slowed to the point where it is no longer rate limiting.