Trisomy 21 with XYY

A case of double aneuploidy involving chromosome 21 and Y is reported in an eight-month-old infant with developmental delay and failure to thrive. Patient had all classical phenotypical features of trisomy 21 except, absence of epicanthal folds. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytogenetic study performed on peripheral blood leucocyte culture using G-banding. Literature review revealed only 17 cases of XYY and trisomy 21 reported so far. No such case is reported in Indian literature. Relevant literature is reviewed and possible effects of trisomy 21 on XYY and that of XYY on trisomy 21 has been discussed. A routine chromosomal study even in patient with classical features of Down syndrome has been advocated. Interestingly, our patient also had left to right shunts at atrial and ductal level and tricuspid regurgitation. Given the rarity of the disorder and scanty published data the incidence, phenotype and recurrence risk are difficult to establish.