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Related Concept Videos

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution

A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.
Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Published on: March 29, 2018

Fluoridation at fifty: what have we learned?

Edwin Pratt1, Raymond D Rawson, Mark Rubin

  • 1National Association of Local Boards of Health, Washington, DC, USA.

The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics : a Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics
|January 2, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Community water fluoridation is a safe and effective public health measure with a 50-year track record of preventing dental caries. Educating the public and policymakers on its scientific basis and legal standing is crucial for continued implementation.

Keywords:
Health Care and Public HealthLegal Approach

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Last Updated: Jul 27, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health Policy
  • Dental Public Health
  • Health Law and Policy

Background:

  • Community water fluoridation has a 50-year history of success in preventing dental caries.
  • Recent legal and policy trends necessitate a review of the science and legal precedent supporting fluoridation.
  • The intersection of scientific evidence and legal frameworks is critical for public health policy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the role of science in formulating and defending public health policies like water fluoridation.
  • To examine the connection between scientific facts and the legal process in public health law.
  • To address the need for educating the public, legislators, and jurists on fluoridation's safety and efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical data on fluoridation policy development and implementation.
  • Analysis of scientific evidence demonstrating the safety and efficacy of fluoride.
  • Examination of legislative experiences and legal challenges related to mandated fluoridation.

Main Results:

  • Fluoridation has been highly successful in preventing dental caries over the past five decades.
  • Current scientific data confirm the safety of fluoride when used appropriately.
  • Legislative and legal challenges to fluoridation policies highlight the need for robust scientific defense and public education.

Conclusions:

  • The success of community water fluoridation underscores the importance of science-based public health policy.
  • Addressing legal challenges requires a comprehensive understanding of scientific evidence and its application in law.
  • Continued public health efforts must focus on educating stakeholders about the safety, efficacy, and legal underpinnings of fluoridation.