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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers
Published on: September 19, 2022
The skin-permeation-enhancing effect of phosphatidylcholine: caffeine as a model active ingredient
Chinhan Kim1, Jongwon Shim, Sanghoon Han
1Skin Research Institute, Pacific Co/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-ri, Kiheung-eup, Yongin-si, Kyounggi-do, 449-900, Korea.
Abstract:
Phospholipids or liposomes are recognized to have skin permeation enhancing ability, although their mechanisms are still controversial. The aim of this study was to establish a method of increasing the skin permeation of active ingredients, using phosphatidylcholine as a permeation enhancer. Caffeine was used as a model active ingredient and in vitro skin penetration experiments were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells to determine the amount of absorbed caffeine. Lipid vesicles were prepared by the microfluidization process. The encapsulation efficiency of caffeine was found to be very low due to the instability of the liposome structure and the water solubility of caffeine. However, the amount of absorbed caffeine was nearly independent of the encapsulation efficiency and the vesicle size, but increased with the increase of phosphatidylcholine concentration. These results indicated that phosphatidylcholine could act as a penetration enhancer, irrespective of its presence in vesicular form or solubilized form.
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