Marlies Halder1, Michael Balls, Coenraad Hendriksen
1ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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This study details progress in implementing the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) for biological production and quality control from 1993-2002. Key activities included workshops, validation studies, and training to advance ethical testing methods.
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