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Responsiveness of the Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire.

G Welch¹, K Weinger, B Anderson

¹Behavioural and Mental Health Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Garry.Welch@Joslin.Harvard.edu

Diabetic Medicine : a Journal of the British Diabetic Association

|January 10, 2003

Summary

The Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire effectively measures changes in diabetes-specific emotional distress over time. This study confirms PAID

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Area of Science:

Psychometrics
Clinical Psychology
Endocrinology

Background:

Responsiveness is crucial for outcome measures in clinical research.
The Problem Areas In Diabetes (PAID) questionnaire assesses diabetes-specific emotional distress.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the responsiveness of the PAID questionnaire.
To determine if PAID scores change significantly over time in response to interventions.

Main Methods:

Data from seven diabetes intervention studies were analyzed.
Responsiveness was assessed using dependent t-tests and Cohen's d effect size.

Main Results:

Patient PAID scores consistently improved from baseline to follow-up across all seven studies.
Statistical significance (P < 0.001 to P < 0.06) and effect sizes (0.32 to 0.65) indicated responsiveness.
Effect sizes ranged from small to moderate depending on intervention intensity.

Conclusions:

The PAID questionnaire demonstrates strong responsiveness to change in diabetes-related emotional distress.
This finding supports the use of PAID in clinical research for outcome assessment and sample size calculations.
Understanding PAID's responsiveness aids researchers in selecting appropriate measures and prioritizing outcomes.