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Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

Candidiasis

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Published on: January 13, 2016

Pneumonia due to Candida krusei.

V Petrocheilou-Paschou¹, K Georgilis, D Kontoyannis

¹Department of Clinical Therapeutics, University of Athens School of Medicine, Alexandra Hospital, Greece. filothei@nikolopoulou.gr

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

|January 10, 2003

Summary

This case report details a fatal post-transplant pneumonia caused by Candida krusei in a heart transplant recipient. Despite treatment, the invasive fungal infection led to respiratory failure and death.

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Area of Science:

Medical Mycology
Transplantation Medicine
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Post-transplantation infections pose a significant threat to patient outcomes.
Invasive fungal infections, particularly candidiasis, are a concern in immunocompromised individuals.

Observation:

A 42-year-old male heart transplant recipient presented with cough, pleuritic pain, and fever 28 days post-transplant.
Chest CT revealed bilateral alveolar infiltrates, progressing to respiratory failure despite initial treatment.

Findings:

Bronchial washings and transthoracic aspirate cultures confirmed infection with Candida krusei and Candida albicans.
Histology and post-mortem pulmonary specimens further corroborated the diagnosis of invasive Candida krusei pneumonia.

Implications:

Candida krusei represents a challenging pathogen in post-transplant pneumonia, often associated with poor prognosis.
This case highlights the critical need for early and accurate diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in transplant recipients.
Effective antifungal strategies are crucial for managing life-threatening mycoses in immunocompromised patients.