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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
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Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Genome Annotation and Assembly03:36

Genome Annotation and Assembly

The genome refers to all of the genetic material in an organism. It can range from a few million base pairs in microbial cells to several billion base pairs in many eukaryotic organisms. Genome assembly refers to the process of taking the DNA sequencing data and putting it all back together in a correct order to create a close representation of the original genome. This is followed by the identification of functional elements on the newly assembled genome, a process called genome annotation.
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Protein Complex Assembly

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics
09:40

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

Apollo: a sequence annotation editor.

S E Lewis1, S M J Searle, N Harris

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Life Sciences Addition, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA. suzi@fruitfly.org

Genome Biology
|January 23, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computational genome annotation is often inaccurate. Apollo is an interactive tool allowing experts to refine genome annotations by reviewing supporting data, improving accuracy for projects like FlyBase.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Genome annotation accuracy is limited by purely computational methods.
  • Biological experts need tools to review and refine automated annotations.
  • Existing tools lack sufficient interactive capabilities for detailed data evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an interactive tool, Apollo, for refining genome sequence annotations.
  • To enable biological experts to visually inspect and edit genome annotation data.
  • To address the inaccuracies inherent in computational genome annotation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the Apollo software platform.
  • Utilizing Apollo for interactive genome annotation by curators.
  • Application of Apollo to the Drosophila melanogaster genome by FlyBase biologists.

Main Results:

  • Apollo successfully enabled detailed inspection and editing of genome annotations.
  • The Drosophila melanogaster genome was annotated using Apollo by FlyBase.
  • Apollo proved effective in refining computational annotation approximations.

Conclusions:

  • Interactive tools like Apollo are essential for accurate genome annotation.
  • Apollo facilitates expert-driven refinement of genomic data.
  • Apollo serves as a foundation for developing customized genome annotation tools.