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Related Concept Videos

Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Autocrine Signaling01:01

Autocrine Signaling

Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule.
Autocrine Signaling in Macrophages
Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. This process is well characterized in...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Cytokine signalling and disease.

Linda Hibbert1, James A Johnston

  • 1DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets
|January 24, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Cytokines and their receptors are crucial in immunity and blood cell formation. Targeting these pathways offers promising therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cytokines are key signaling molecules that regulate immune responses, cell proliferation, and differentiation through cell surface receptors and intracellular pathways.
  • Mutations in cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways are implicated in inflammatory diseases, immune disorders, and hematopoietic processes.
  • Understanding these pathways is vital for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the role of cytokine pathways in disease pathogenesis.
  • To summarize therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines or their receptors for disease treatment.
  • To highlight the potential of modulating immune responses through cytokine-directed therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on cytokine signaling in disease.

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Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform
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Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform

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Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

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Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
08:32

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

Published on: March 2, 2014

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform
11:00

Multiplex Cytokine Profiling of Stimulated Mouse Splenocytes Using a Cytometric Bead-based Immunoassay Platform

Published on: November 9, 2017

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

  • Analysis of therapeutic approaches targeting cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways.
  • Synthesis of information on the clinical translation of basic research in this field.

    • Main Results:

    • Cytokine and cytokine receptor pathways are frequently altered in various diseases.
    • Targeting individual cytokines or their receptors can modulate host immune responses.
    • Therapeutic strategies exploiting these pathways show promise for disease management.

    Conclusions:

    • Cytokine pathways are central to immune function and disease development.
    • Targeted cytokine or receptor-based therapies represent a viable approach for treating diseases.
    • Further research into these pathways can lead to novel immunomodulatory treatments.