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Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases.

H Leclerc1, L Schwartzbrod, E Dei-Cas

  • 1Faculté de Médecine de Lille, and Institut Pasteur de Lille, France. hleclerc@univ-lille2.fr

Critical Reviews in Microbiology
|January 28, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Waterborne pathogens like viruses and protozoa pose significant health risks due to their resistance to disinfectants and low infection doses. Emerging pathogens and inadequate water treatment highlight the need for enhanced safety measures, especially for vulnerable populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Public health
  • Infectious diseases

Background:

  • Fecal-borne pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, are significant causes of waterborne infections.
  • While bacterial waterborne diseases have declined, new pathogens and resistant strains continue to emerge.
  • Protozoa like Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and enteric viruses like norovirus, are increasingly recognized as major waterborne threats.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of waterborne pathogens and their transmission routes.
  • To highlight the limitations of existing water treatment technologies and monitoring methods.
  • To emphasize the growing risks associated with emerging pathogens and vulnerable populations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of waterborne pathogens, outbreaks, and treatment efficacy.

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  • Analysis of pathogen characteristics, including resistance to disinfectants and infectious dose.
  • Examination of epidemiological trends and emerging threats in waterborne diseases.

    • Main Results:

    • Enteric viruses and protozoa exhibit high resistance to disinfectants and low infectious doses, making them difficult to control.
    • Conventional water treatment and coliform monitoring may be insufficient to guarantee water safety from all pathogens.
    • Emerging pathogens and opportunistic agents are increasingly implicated in waterborne illnesses, particularly affecting immunocompromised individuals.

    Conclusions:

    • Current water treatment and safety standards may be inadequate against resilient waterborne pathogens like viruses and protozoa.
    • There is a critical need for improved diagnostic technologies and water quality monitoring to detect and control emerging threats.
    • Enhanced public health measures are essential to protect vulnerable populations from waterborne infections.