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Emphysema in nonsmokers: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes
Pyng Lee1, Thomas R Gildea, James K Stoller
1Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
|January 28, 2003
Abstract:
Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.