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Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...
Introduction to Sensory Receptors01:31

Introduction to Sensory Receptors

Sensory receptors are vital in our ability to perceive and interpret the world. Sensory receptors are specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system that respond to various stimuli and enable one to experience different sensations. Based on specific criteria, sensory receptors are classified into distinct types.
The first classification criterion is based on cell type, position, and function. Some receptor cells are neurons with free nerve endings, where their dendrites are embedded in the...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...
Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.
Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth
11:46

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

Published on: August 10, 2011

Sensing stretch is fundamental.

Neal D Epstein1, Julien S Davis

  • 1Molecular Physiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. nepstein@helix.nih.gov

Cell
|January 30, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanical stretch affects heart cells, potentially causing heart failure. New research on Z disc proteins may reveal how heart cells sense stretch and adapt to disease.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth
11:46

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Published on: August 10, 2011

Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch
07:42

Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch

Published on: August 19, 2015

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching
06:26

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

Published on: January 12, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Mechanobiology
  • Cardiac Physiology

Background:

  • Mechanical stretch is a known factor influencing cardiomyocyte biology.
  • Stretch-induced changes in heart cells are linked to the development of heart failure.
  • The precise mechanisms of stretch sensing and signal transduction in cardiomyocytes remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying stretch sensing in cardiomyocytes.
  • To explore the role of Z disc elements in cardiac mechanotransduction.
  • To understand how stretch sensing relates to cardiac adaptation and disease progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Z disc protein function and interactions.
  • Investigating cellular responses to mechanical stretch in vitro.
  • Correlating Z disc alterations with cardiac conditions.

Main Results:

  • Emerging insights into the Z disc's role in sensing mechanical forces.
  • Identification of key Z disc elements involved in stretch signal transduction.
  • Potential links between Z disc dysfunction and pathological cardiac remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • The Z disc is a critical component in the cellular machinery for sensing mechanical stretch.
  • Understanding Z disc mechanobiology offers new avenues for exploring heart failure pathogenesis.
  • Further research into Z disc elements could reveal therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.