Human liver caudate lobe and liver segment

Recently, the caudate lobe has seemed to be the final target for aggressive cancer surgery of the liver. This lobe has five surfaces: the dorsal, left and hilar-free surfaces and the right and ventral-border planes. Surgeons have divided the caudate lobe into three parts: Spiegel's lobe, which is called the 'caudate lobe and papillary process' by anatomists, the caudate process, viewed as almost the same entity by anatomists, and the paracaval portion corresponding to the dorsally located parenchyma in front of the inferior vena cava. All three parts are supplied by primary branches originating from the left and right portal veins, including the hilar bifurcation area. The hilar bifurcation branch often (50%) supplies the paracaval portion and it sometimes (29%) extends its territory to Spiegel's lobe. It was postulated by Couinaud that the paracaval portion or the S9 is not defined by its supplying portal vein branch but by its 'dorsal location' in the liver. Couinaud's caudate lobe or dorsal-liver concept cause, and still now causes, great logical confusion for surgeons. We attempt here to describe the margins of the lobe, border branches of the portal vein, the left/right territorial border of the portal vein or Cantile's line and other topics closely relating to the surgery within these contexts. Finally, the caudate lobe as a liver segment will be discussed.