Surgery in the human fetus: the future

Fetal surgery was born of clinical necessity. Observations by pediatric surgeons and neonatologists of neonates that were born with irreversible organ damage led to the conclusion that one possible approach to prevent this alteration of developmental physiology, was fetal surgical intervention. This led to experimental validation of the pathophysiology of specific fetal defects in animal models and to the development of techniques for their prenatal surgical correction. The demonstration in animal models that the correction of an anatomical defect could reverse the associated pathophysiology led to the first systematic application of fetal surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, in the early 1980s. Since that time, fetal surgery has been applied in only a few centres and has remained relatively limited in scope. Nevertheless, there has been a dramatic improvement in our ability to diagnose, select and safely operate on an expanding number of fetal anomalies. The purpose of this article is to briefly summarize the present status of fetal surgery and to speculate about what may be in store for the future. Inherent in such an effort is a definition of what constitutes fetal surgery. In this discussion I will take considerable latitude with the definition of what constitutes fetal surgery in the future, as it is my belief that technological progress in a number of areas will result in dramatic changes in the practice and perception of fetal surgery.