Synthetic aperture focusing for defect reconstruction in anisotropic media

Ultrasonic inspection plays an important role in numerous industrial fields. One of the prominent tasks with respect to quantitative nondestructive evaluation is the determination of location, shape, size and orientation of defects. In this respect, the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) has been successfully applied to isotropic materials over the years. In anisotropic media, however, its application suffers from several phenomena, which are the direction dependence of the ultrasonic velocities, the beam skewing effect and the modified transducer radiation characteristics. In this article, a SAFT imaging algorithm is presented which fully accounts for the nature of wave radiation and propagation within anisotropic materials. For three-dimensional defect reconstruction, the spatial dependence of the ultrasonic group velocities as well as the radiation characteristics of the transducer are exploited--respective algorithms have been implemented for orthotropic material symmetry. Tests have been performed on unidirectional composite material.