Elastic response of single DNA molecules exhibits a reentrant collapsing transition

We measured the elastic response of single DNA molecules at various concentrations of the trivalent cation, spermidine. When added spermidine caused the DNA to collapse, the force-extension curves showed either plateaus or stick-release patterns depending on the concentration. The periodic stick-release response determines a characteristic length, which may reflect toroidal supercoiling. At high concentrations of spermidine, we observed the reelongation of single molecules of collapsed DNA. Thus condensation occurs between lower and upper critical concentrations, verifying that the transition is reentrant as theoretically predicted.