Laser reflectance imaging of human forearms and their tissue-equivalent phantoms

Laser back-scattered radiation from a human forearm is affected by the compositional variation in tissues and was imaged by a reflectance imaging system. The measurement probe consisted of one input fibre and one output fibre, separated by a distance of 0.3 cm. The diffuse reflectance data were collected by placing the probe on the forearm. By interpolation and median filtering of these data, the colour-coded reflectance images of the forearms of ten subjects were reconstructed. For comparative analysis of the mean reflectance, the forearm area was divided into ten regions. The mean normalised back-scattered intensity (NBI) near the ulnar region of the wrist was 4.76 +/- 0.24% and was significantly higher (p < 0.0005) compared with that at other regions, which varied from 3.49 +/- 0.17% to 4.43 +/- 0.14%. Tissue-equivalent phantoms of these, required for the clinical assessment of optical techniques, were constructed using various combinations of paraffin wax and dyes. The matching of the NBI images of these stable and inexpensive phantoms with those of the forearms of the respective subjects showed the similarity of their optical parameters.