NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species as mediators of angiotensin II signaling

Angiotensin II has been shown to participate in both physiological processes, such as sodium and water homeostasis and vascular contraction, and pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis and hypertension. The effects of this molecule on vascular tissue are mediated at least in part by the modification of the redox milieu of its target cells. Angiotensin II has been shown to activate the vascular NAD(P)H oxidase(s) resulting in the production of reactive oxygen species, namely superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. In this article, we review what is known about the molecular steps that link angiotensin II and its receptor to production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent redox-mediated events, focusing on the structural and functional properties of the vascular NAD(P)H oxidases and their downstream mediators. As such, we provide a framework linking angiotensin II to crucial vascular pathologies, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis after angioplasty, by means of the NAD(P)H-dependent oxidases and their effector molecules.