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Published on: November 6, 2017
Quantification of the heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow in vascular dementia
Takuya Yoshikawa1, Kenya Murase, Naohiko Oku
1Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine (A8), 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. yoshi@tracer.med.osaka-u.ac.jp
Insights
Three-dimensional fractal analysis (3D-FA) of cerebral blood flow (CBF) SPECT images revealed greater heterogeneity in vascular dementia (VaD) patients. Higher fractal dimensions correlated with poorer cognitive function in VaD.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Medical Imaging
- Quantitative Analysis
Background:
- Vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by reduced and heterogeneous cerebral blood flow (CBF).
- Current methods for assessing CBF heterogeneity in VaD are limited.
- Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is used for CBF assessment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To apply three-dimensional fractal analysis (3D-FA) to CBF SPECT images.
- To quantitatively assess the heterogeneity of CBF distribution in VaD patients.
- To establish an objective method for evaluating CBF heterogeneity in VaD.
Main Methods:
- 18 VaD patients and 18 age-matched controls underwent CBF SPECT imaging using (99m)Tc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime.
- 3D-FA was performed by calculating the fractal dimension from regression analysis of voxel counts above varying radioactivity cut-off values.
- Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
Main Results:
- VaD patients exhibited significantly higher fractal dimensions (1.084 +/- 0.153) compared to controls (0.853 +/- 0.062) (p < 0.0001).
- A significant negative correlation was found between fractal dimension and MMSE scores in the VaD group (r = 0.871, p < 0.0001).
- Higher fractal dimension indicates greater CBF heterogeneity.
Conclusions:
- 3D-FA provides a quantitative measure of CBF heterogeneity in VaD.
- Increased CBF heterogeneity, indicated by higher fractal dimensions, is associated with cognitive decline in VaD.
- This method offers an objective approach to evaluating CBF distribution in VaD.
Background:
In vascular dementia (VaD), assessment of cerebral blood flow by single photon emission computed tomography (CBF SPECT) has been used to detect a patchy decrease of blood flow or a frontal reduction. In addition to reduced blood flow, the heterogeneous distribution of cerebral blood flow is often observed in VaD. However, no objective method to evaluate the heterogeneity has been established. In this study, we applied three-dimensional fractal analysis (3D-FA) to CBF SPECT images as a method for assessing the heterogeneity of the cerebral blood flow distribution in VaD.
Subjects And Methods:
The subjects included 18 patients with a diagnosis of VaD (aged 69.7 +/- 8.3) based on neuropsychological testing and imaging findings and 18 age-matched controls (aged 66.9 +/- 10.3). CBF SPECT images were obtained with (99m)Tc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime. On the reconstructed images, we obtained a linear regression equation between the cut-off values (from 35 to 50 %) and the number of voxels with a radioactivity exceeding the cut-off value transformed into natural logarithms, and then calculated the fractal dimension from the slope of the regression line thus obtained. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to evaluate cognitive function.
Results:
The fractal dimensions were 1.084 +/- 0.153 and 0.853 +/- 0.062 (mean +/- SD) in the VaD and control groups, respectively. The fractal dimension was significantly greater in the VaD group than in the control group (p < 0.0001). A significant negative correlation was observed between the fractal dimension and the MMSE score in the VaD group (r = 0.871, p < 0.0001).
Conclusions:
Because the CBF SPECT images of VaD patients showed a higher fractal dimension, these images were quantitatively more heterogeneous than those of age-matched controls. In the VaD group, cognitive function was shown to decline as the fractal dimension increased and images became more heterogeneous.
