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Related Experiment Videos

One hundred US EVAs: a perspective on spacewalks.

Richard C Wilde, James W McBarron, Scott A Manatt

    Acta Astronautica
    |February 14, 2003
    PubMed
    Summary

    US human space flight conducted 100 spacewalks (extravehicular activities) between 1965 and 2001. These spacewalks evolved from feasibility tests to critical operations for lunar exploration, spacecraft repair, and International Space Station assembly.

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    Area of Science:

    • Space exploration
    • Aerospace engineering
    • Human spaceflight

    Background:

    • The US human space flight program has a rich history of spacewalks, known as extravehicular activities (EVAs).
    • EVAs involve astronauts exiting their spacecraft to work in the vacuum of space.
    • These activities have been integral to various NASA missions since the Gemini Program.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the development of US extravehicular activity (EVA) capability.
    • To contextualize EVA development within the broader mission objectives of US human space flight.
    • To trace the evolution of EVA from its inception to its role in International Space Station (ISS) assembly.

    Main Methods:

    • Historical review of US human space flight programs (Gemini, Apollo, Skylab, Shuttle).

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  • Analysis of the role and impact of extravehicular activities (EVAs) across different mission phases.
  • Documentation of the expansion of EVA capabilities and their integration into mission objectives.

    • Main Results:

    • Over 100 spacewalks (EVAs) were conducted between June 1965 and February 2001.
    • EVA evolved from feasibility tests (Gemini) to lunar surface exploration (Apollo).
    • EVA proved critical for Skylab repair, satellite retrieval, and International Space Station (ISS) assembly.

    Conclusions:

    • Extravehicular activity (EVA) capability has become an essential element of US human space flight.
    • The role of EVA has expanded significantly, supporting diverse mission objectives from scientific exploration to critical repairs and complex assembly.
    • The development of EVA is intrinsically linked to the success and evolution of the US human space flight program.