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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...

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The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy
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The Neuromuscular Junction: Measuring Synapse Size, Fragmentation and Changes in Synaptic Protein Density Using Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 26, 2014

20. Immunologic neuromuscular disorders.

Tanuja Chitnis1, Samia J Khoury

  • 1Center for Neurologic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Louis Pasteur Avenue, LMRC 1st Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|February 20, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuroimmunologic diseases involve immune system dysfunction affecting the nervous and neuromuscular systems. This review covers their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune-mediated disorders affect the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), despite their immune privilege.
  • Factors such as environmental, genetic, and immunologic elements are implicated in the development of these neurological conditions.
  • Key examples include multiple sclerosis (CNS) and myasthenia gravis (PNS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, and current therapeutic approaches for major neuroimmunologic diseases.
  • To highlight the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding immune mechanisms for developing new treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of major neuroimmunologic diseases.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data.
  • Examination of current understanding of pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics.

Main Results:

  • Detailed review of central nervous system diseases like multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.
  • Comprehensive overview of peripheral nervous system diseases including myasthenia gravis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and various myopathies.
  • Discussion of the spectrum of immune involvement, from clearly autoimmune to immune-mediated pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding immune mechanisms is crucial for advancing treatments for neuroimmunologic disorders.
  • A thorough review of these diseases is essential for clinicians and researchers.
  • Further research into therapeutic targets is warranted.