Injection of highly supersaturated oxygen solutions without nucleation

It is possible to inject highly supersaturated aqueous solutions of gas through a small capillary into an aqueous environment without the formation of significant gas bubbles. Such a technique has considerable potential therapeutic value in the treatment, for example, of heart attacks and strokes. The present paper is the second in a series (see Brereton et al. [1]) investigating the basic phenomenon behind this surprising effect. Recent experiments clearly demonstrate that the nucleation, when it does occur, results from heterogeneous nucleation on the interior surface of the distal end of the capillary. This paper describes the effects of the treatment of this interior surface on the nucleation processes and the results of high speed video observations of the phenomena. A heterogeneous nucleation model is presented which is in accord with the experimental observations.