Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 27, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
Published on: June 6, 2020
Breech presentation and tossing a coin: heads or tails
Slobodan R Sekulić1, Predrag D Vuleta, Dusan P Vuleta
1Department of Neurology, Clinical Center, Novi Sad, Serbia, Yugoslavia. nadlak@yahoo.com
Abstract:
Through a retrospective review of our own materials and data from peer-reviewed journals, among medical entities a greater probability than 0.5 was not found for breech presentation. Submitting the occurrence of breech presentation to the classical laws of probability means that each fetus in breech presentation has its 'pair' in cephalic presentation. Among medical entities with a probability of less than 0.5 for breech presentation, the group of fetuses in cephalic presentation consist of two subgroups: (1) fetuses which are by chance in cephalic presentation and whose number is identical to the number of fetuses in breech presentation, (2) fetuses which are in cephalic presentation because of the postural development. Likewise, introducing a medical entity with a small number of cases does not allow a conclusion to be drawn about a relationship between that entity and breech presentation.
Related Concept Videos
Binomial Probability Distribution
The outcomes of a binomial experiment fit a binomial probability distribution. A statistical experiment can be classified as a binomial experiment if the following conditions are met:
There are a fixed number of trials. Think of trials as repetitions of an experiment. The letter n denotes the number of trials.
There are only two possible outcomes,...
Bias
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Probability in Statistics
An example of a simple event is a coin toss. The result of a coin toss is either a head or a tail. Here, head and tail are two simple events. These two simple events make up the sample space. Further, the probability of an event occurring falls within the range of 0 to 1. The probability of an...
Anatomical Positions
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...
Types of Hypothesis Testing
When the null and alternative hypotheses are stated, it is observed that the null hypothesis is a neutral statement against which the alternative hypothesis is tested. The alternative hypothesis is a claim that instead has a certain direction. If the null hypothesis claims that p = 0.5, the alternative hypothesis would be an opposing statement to this and can be put either p > 0.5, p < 0.5, or p ≠ 0.5.
Probability Laws

