The etiology and diagnosis of status epilepticus

Status epilepticus (SE) is a common, serious, potentially life-threatening, neurologic emergency characterized by prolonged seizure activity. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (GCSE) is the most widely recognized form of SE. Direct consequences of convulsive movements from SE can result in injury to the body and brain. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is underrecognized, with controversy surrounding the consequences and treatment. High mortality rates with GCSE have been noted in the past. New treatments for SE are emerging with new parenteral drug formulations as well as new agents for refractory SE, offering an opportunity to improve outcome. Special drug delivery systems, drug combinations, and neuroprotective agents that prevent the subsequent development of epilepsy may soon emerge as future options for treating SE.