A rhombohedral phase of lipid containing a membrane fusion intermediate structure

We constructed the electron density distribution from the x-ray diffraction of a phase of phospholipid that exhibited rhombohedral symmetry. To determine the phases of the diffraction amplitudes, we first extended the well-known one-dimensional swelling method for planar bilayers to a three-dimensional method applicable to a layered system containing in-plane structures, such as rhombohedral structures. The complete phase determination was accomplished by a combination of the swelling method and Luzzati's pattern recognition method. The constructed electron density distribution showed that in each unit cell, two apposed monolayers merged across the water layer and developed into an hourglass structure consistent with a postulated membrane fusion intermediate state called a stalk. The observation of the stalk structure lends a strong support to the stalk hypothesis for membrane fusion and opens a way to measure the structural parameters in the fusion pathway.