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All matter is composed of atoms, the smallest individual units of elements. Each atom is made up of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Together, these three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.The History of Atomic TheoryThe first person to propose that everything on Earth is made up of tiny particles was the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 450 B.C. He used the term atomos, Greek for “indivisible,” from which the modern term “atom” is derived.
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Non-invasive 3D-Visualization with Sub-micron Resolution Using Synchrotron-X-ray-tomography
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Three-dimensional imaging of atomic four-body processes.

M Schulz1, R Moshammer, D Fischer

  • 1Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Saupfercheckweg 1, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. schulz@umr.edu

Nature
|March 7, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Researchers studied helium ionization by C6+ ions, revealing unexpected electron emission patterns. A novel higher-order ionization mechanism involving projectile-nucleus interaction is proposed to explain these findings.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic and molecular physics
  • Quantum mechanics
  • Collision physics

Background:

  • Understanding fundamental forces and particle interactions is crucial for physics.
  • The few-body problem in physics describes the evolution of interacting particles.
  • Atomic collision experiments are vital for testing few-body problem theories.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the single ionization of helium by charged particle impact.
  • To analyze the complete three-dimensional electron emission pattern in a four-body system.
  • To challenge existing theoretical models of atomic ionization.

Main Methods:

  • Performed kinematically complete experiments on helium single ionization.
  • Utilized C6+ ions at 100 MeV per a.m.u. for impact.
  • Captured and analyzed three-dimensional electron emission patterns.

Main Results:

  • Observed unexpected features in the complete electron emission pattern.
  • Existing theoretical models failed to predict the observed phenomena.
  • Identified discrepancies primarily in studies with restricted emission geometries.

Conclusions:

  • A novel, higher-order ionization mechanism is proposed.
  • This mechanism involves projectile-nucleus interaction.
  • The findings necessitate revisions to current theoretical models of atomic ionization.