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Nipah encephalitis outbreak in Malaysia.

C T Tan1, K T Wong

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.

Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore
|March 11, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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A severe Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia caused viral encephalitis in 265 people, primarily spreading from pigs to humans. This unique disease has high mortality but can be treated with Ribavirin.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • A significant viral encephalitis outbreak occurred in Malaysian pig farm workers between September 1998 and June 1999.
  • The outbreak was linked to a novel paramyxovirus, subsequently named Nipah virus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the published literature on the 1998-1999 Malaysian Nipah virus outbreak.
  • To focus on the human disease aspects, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on the Nipah virus outbreak.
  • Analysis of clinical data, diagnostic findings, and treatment outcomes for affected patients.

Main Results:

  • The outbreak involved 265 cases of acute encephalitis caused by Nipah virus, with transmission primarily from pigs to humans.

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  • Clinical presentation included fever, headache, coma, and distinctive neurological signs; mortality was 40%, with Ribavirin showing a 36% reduction.
  • Relapse and late-onset encephalitis occurred in a significant percentage of survivors, indicating potential for recurrent infection.

    • Conclusions:

    • Nipah virus causes a unique and severe encephalitis with high mortality.
    • The primary mode of transmission is zoonotic (pigs to humans), with a low risk of human-to-human spread.
    • Relapse and late-onset encephalitis are significant complications requiring further understanding and management.