Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 12, 2026

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
Pacemaker-related endocarditis: the value of transoesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis and treatment
Loukianos S Rallidis1, Komninos A Komninos, Evangelos G Papasteriadis
1First Cardiology Department, General Hospital of Nikea, Piraeus, Greece. rallidis@ath.forthnet.gr
Abstract:
We report 5 cases with pacemaker endocarditis. All cases were presented with long-standing fever and the diagnosis was confirmed by transoesophageal echocardiography. Besides the contribution to diagnosis, transoesophageal echocardiography defined the technique that was applied to remove the pacing system. In four patients with large vegetations (> 10 mm) the entire pacing system was removed by thoracotomy, while in one with relatively small vegetations (< or = 10 mm) the pacing system was removed by external traction. We have reviewed the literature regarding pacemaker endocarditis, particularly with respect to the role of transoesophageal echocardiography in the early diagnosis and determination of optimal treatment.
Related Concept Videos
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography
Indications: Echocardiography is utilized to diagnose heart failure, valve disorders, and myocardial infarction. It also assesses cardiac structures' size, shape, and motion, evaluates...
Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management
Endocarditis I: Introduction
Endocarditis III: Medical Management
Endocarditis IV: Nursing Management
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

