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New insights on trehalose: a multifunctional molecule.

Alan D Elbein1, Y T Pan, Irena Pastuszak

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. elbeinaland@exchange.uams.edu

Glycobiology
|March 11, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Trehalose, a sugar found in many organisms, serves roles in energy, signaling, and stress protection. This review details its diverse biosynthesis pathways and metabolic enzymes like trehalase.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide with an alpha,alpha-1,1-glycosidic linkage.
  • It is widely distributed across bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, plants, and invertebrates.
  • Trehalose functions as an energy source, signaling molecule, and protectant against various stresses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known pathways for trehalose biosynthesis.
  • To discuss the enzymes involved in trehalose metabolism.
  • To highlight the diverse roles of trehalose in different organisms.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of trehalose biosynthesis and metabolism.
  • Analysis of enzymatic pathways including trehalose-P synthase (TPS), trehalose-P phosphatase (TPP), trehalose synthase, and trehalase (T).

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  • Examination of trehalose's role in cell wall structures (mycobacteria) and stress tolerance.

    • Main Results:

    • Three distinct trehalose biosynthesis pathways are described: the TPS/TPP pathway, the trehalose synthase pathway, and a glycogen-based pathway.
    • Trehalose-P synthase (TPS) and trehalose-P phosphatase (TPP) form a complex in yeast, regulated at genetic and activity levels.
    • Trehalase (T) plays a role in energy metabolism and regulation of trehalose levels, particularly after stress alleviation.

    Conclusions:

    • Trehalose biosynthesis is achieved through multiple enzymatic routes, reflecting its widespread importance.
    • The regulation of trehalose synthesis and degradation is crucial for cellular homeostasis and stress response.
    • Trehalose's multifaceted roles underscore its significance in biology, from energy storage to structural integrity and signaling.