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Physiological concentrations of divalent magnesium ion activate the serine/threonine specific protein kinase ERK2
William F Waas1, Kevin N Dalby
1Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Graduate Programs in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
Abstract:
Extracellular regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is a eukaryotic protein kinase whose activity is regulated by phorbol esters, serum, and growth factors, and displays enhanced activity in several human tumors. Despite its important biological function, its mechanism of catalysis and mode of regulation are poorly understood. Recently, we showed that in the presence of 10 mM magnesium chloride, ERK2 phosphorylates the transcription factor Ets-1 through a random-ordered ternary-complex mechanism [Waas, W. F., and Dalby, K. N. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 12532]. Now we provide kinetic evidence that ERK2 must bind two divalent magnesium ions to facilitate catalysis at a physiologically relevant rate, because a second magnesium ion promotes both MgATP2- binding and phosphoryl transfer. The velocity dependence on magnesium at saturating concentrations of the protein substrate, Ets138, over a range of ATP4- and Mg2+ ion concentrations, supports the notion that magnesium is an essential activator of ERK2. At high (> or = 1 mM) concentrations of ATP4-, the velocity dependence on total Mg2+ is sigmoidal, but plateaus at high concentrations of free Mg2+, where the enzyme is fully activated. At concentrations of Mg2+ of < or = 4 mM, the velocity dependence on ATP4- displays a peak when the concentration of ATP4- approaches that of total Mg2+ and tends to zero at high concentrations of ATP4-, where the enzyme is predominantly unactivated. The observed velocity dependencies are consistent with the notion that ERK2*Etsdelta138 complexes and ATP4- compete for the same pool of Mg2+ ions in solution. No binding of ATP4- (0-2.5 mM) by ERK2 (65 microM) can be detected using isothermal titration calorimetry at 27 degrees C, pH 8.0, and an ionic strength of 0.15 M (KCl), suggesting that the complex, MgATP2-, is the true substrate for ERK2. In contrast, 5-iodotubericidin binds ERK2 tightly (K(d) = 1 microM) and displays a competitive inhibition pattern toward MgATP2- and a mixed pattern toward free Mg2+, suggesting that the binding of Mg2+ before MgATP2- is not compulsory.
Insights
Extracellular regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) requires two magnesium ions for efficient catalysis, with MgATP2- acting as the true substrate. This finding clarifies ERK2
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Enzymology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Extracellular regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) is a key eukaryotic protein kinase involved in cell signaling.
- Its catalytic mechanism and regulation are not fully understood, despite its role in human tumors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the role of magnesium ions in ERK2 catalysis.
- To determine the substrate of ERK2, specifically whether it is MgATP2- or ATP4-.
Main Methods:
- Enzyme kinetics studies varying magnesium and ATP concentrations.
- Isothermal titration calorimetry to detect ERK2-ATP binding.
- Inhibition studies with 5-iodotubericidin.
Main Results:
- ERK2 requires two magnesium ions for optimal catalytic rate.
- MgATP2- is the active substrate, not free ATP4-.
- Magnesium binding is not strictly compulsory before MgATP2- binding.
Conclusions:
- Two magnesium ions are essential for ERK2's physiological catalytic rate.
- The MgATP2- complex is the true substrate for ERK2.
- Understanding ERK2's mechanism provides insights into its dysregulation in cancer.