Mutants of phosphorylase a altered in recognition by protein phosphatase-1

To develop our knowledge of specificity determinants for protein phosphatase-1, mutants of phosphorylase b have been converted to phosphorylase a and examined for their efficacy as substrates for protein phosphatase-1. Mutants focused on the N-terminal primary sequence surrounding the phosphoserine (R16A, R16E, and I13G) and at a site that interacts with the phosphoserine in phosphorylase a, (R69K and R69E). The success achieved studying protein kinase substrate specificity with peptide substrates has not extended to protein phosphatases. Protein phosphatases are believed to recognize higher order structure in substrates in addition to the primary sequence surrounding the phosphoserine or threonine. Peptide studies with protein phosphatase-1 have revealed a preference for basic residues N-terminal to the phosphoserine. Arginine 16 in phosphorylase a may be a positive determinant. In this work, protein phosphatase-1 preferred the positive charge on arginine 16. R16A exhibited a similar K(m) but reduced V(max), and R16E had an increased K(m) and a decreased V(max) when compared to phosphorylase. I13G had a similar K(m) but an increased V(max). The R69 mutants were also dephosphorylated preferentially over phosphorylase a. The K(m) for R69K was unchanged but had a higher V(max). R69E exhibited the most changes, with a 4-fold increase in K(m) and a 10-fold increase in V(max). These results suggest that proper presentation of the phosphoserine can greatly affect the rate of dephosphorylation.