Activities of daily living instruments:optimizing scales for neurologic assessments

The ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) is an important part of assessment in neurologic patients. A literature search was carried out to identify multi-item ADL scales developed for the assessment of neurologic patients, comparing item content, range, and detail of ADL scales. Of the 113 ADL scales identified, 27 (24%) were designed for use in neurology. In the basic ADL (BADL) domains (basic mobility and self-care), individual items were present in 44% to 81% of instruments. In the extended ADL (EADL) domains (e.g., outdoor mobility, housekeeping), items were present in up to 67% of the instruments identified. A typical trade-off was observed between the range, the detail (number of items), and hence the practicality of a scale. In general, scales focus on either BADL or EADL domains or, on occasion, some of both, rather than measuring the full range of functioning. There are many ADL scales in neurology, with much overlap in item content, leading to redundancy. New scales developed with the traditional methods will not solve the existing difficulties associated with range and detail, ordinal scale scores, and cross-instrument comparability. The possibilities of a modern psychometric method known as item response theory that was designed to solve these problems are discussed.