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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Genomics02:02

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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A Fast and Quantitative Method for Post-translational Modification and Variant Enabled Mapping of Peptides to Genomes
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From genomics to proteomics.

Mike Tyers1, Matthias Mann

  • 1Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Department of Medical Genetics and Microbiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1X5. tyers@mshri.on.ca

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Summary
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Proteomics, the study of proteins, has advanced significantly, generating large datasets on interactions and cancer profiles. However, technological progress and open data sharing are crucial for realizing its full potential in biological research.

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Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Proteomics investigates the complete set of proteins expressed by an organism.
  • Recent years have seen substantial advancements in large-scale proteomic data generation.
  • Key areas include protein-protein interactions, organelle proteomes, and protein activity profiling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and future directions of proteomics.
  • To highlight progress in generating comprehensive proteomic datasets.
  • To identify critical needs for advancing the field.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent technological developments in proteomics.
  • Review of large-scale proteomic projects and data initiatives.
  • Assessment of data accessibility and collaborative frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in generating data for protein interactions, cellular localization, and disease-specific protein profiles (e.g., cancer).
  • Demonstrated utility of proteomics in understanding complex biological systems.
  • Identified limitations in current technological capabilities and data sharing practices.

Conclusions:

  • Proteomics has made remarkable strides, providing deep insights into biological functions and diseases.
  • Further technological innovation is essential for enhanced resolution and throughput.
  • Improved international collaboration and open-access data policies are critical for proteomics to achieve its full potential.