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Traditional cardiac risk factors in individuals with chronic kidney disease
Katrin Uhlig1, Andrew S Levey, Mark J Sarnak
1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tufts New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
Insights
Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) face higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks due to traditional and nontraditional factors. This review details modifiable risks like hypertension and diabetes in CKD patients, offering treatment insights.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Cardiology
- Public Health
Background:
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly elevates cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
- CKD patients exhibit a higher prevalence of both traditional and nontraditional CVD risk factors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review modifiable traditional risk factors for CVD in individuals across all stages of CKD.
- To describe the prevalence and CVD relationship of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and physical inactivity in CKD.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on individuals with CKD.
- Analysis of modifiable traditional risk factors and their association with CVD.
- Synthesis of treatment recommendations based on CKD-specific or extrapolated evidence.
Main Results:
- Hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and physical inactivity are prevalent in CKD.
- These factors are strongly linked to increased CVD development and progression in CKD patients.
- Evidence-based treatment strategies are outlined for managing these risk factors.
Conclusions:
- Managing modifiable traditional risk factors is crucial for reducing CVD burden in CKD.
- Tailored treatment approaches, utilizing available evidence, can mitigate cardiovascular risk in CKD.
- Further research is needed to optimize CVD prevention and management in CKD populations.
Abstract:
Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk is due to a higher prevalence of both traditional risk factors as well as nontraditional risk factors. In this review we focus on individuals at all stages of CKD and discuss modifiable traditional risk factors, namely hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control, smoking, and physical inactivity. The prevalence of each risk factor and its relationship with CVD is described. Treatment recommendations are provided using evidence available from populations with CKD or evidence extrapolated from the general population when there are insufficient data on individuals with CKD.