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Related Concept Videos

Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
Routes of Drug Administration: Overview01:22

Routes of Drug Administration: Overview

Drug administration involves delivering drugs to the body through various routes, such as enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral administration refers to drugs absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract. They can be swallowed (perorally), placed under the tongue (sublingually), or on the inner lining of the cheeks (buccally). Perorally administered drugs take time to be absorbed and have a slower onset of action. The rectal route is another form of enteral administration, which allows for...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
09:06

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 3, 2014

Noninjection routes for immunotherapy.

Giorgio Walter Canonica1, Giovanni Passalacqua

  • 1Division of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|March 19, 2003
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a safe and effective alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy for managing allergic asthma and rhinitis in children and adults. While nasal immunotherapy shows promise for rhinitis, SLIT offers broader efficacy and a favorable safety profile.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Allergen-specific immunotherapy is crucial for respiratory allergies, alongside medications and avoidance.
  • Traditional subcutaneous immunotherapy carries risks of severe adverse events.
  • Safer administration routes are being explored to improve patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different routes of allergen-specific immunotherapy.
  • To compare sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with other administration methods.
  • To identify the most viable and effective immunotherapy strategies for allergic respiratory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of controlled trials and postmarketing surveillance studies.
  • Analysis of clinical efficacy and safety data for oral, bronchial, nasal, and sublingual routes.
  • Assessment of adverse event profiles and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Oral and bronchial immunotherapy routes were found ineffective and unsafe.
  • Nasal immunotherapy demonstrated efficacy and safety for rhinitis but has limited application and declining use.
  • Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is effective for both asthma and rhinitis in adults and children, with a satisfactory safety profile and manageable side effects.

Conclusions:

  • Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a well-supported, safe, and effective alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy, recognized by the World Health Organization.
  • While SLIT shows long-lasting efficacy, further research is needed on its mechanisms, optimal dosing, cost-effectiveness, and adherence.
  • Nasal immunotherapy remains a viable option for rhinitis but faces challenges in administration and declining usage.