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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial...
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Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
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[Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: fulminant form].

J Grippo1, L Cáceres, A Asís

  • 1División of Neurología, Hospital de Niños R. Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. grippo@fibertel.com.ar

Revista De Neurologia
|March 26, 2003
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Summary

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is now rare due to measles vaccination. However, early measles infection, even in vaccinated individuals, can lead to severe, rapidly progressing SSPE cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) incidence has decreased due to widespread measles vaccination.
  • Early measles infection or specific immunological factors may increase SSPE risk and severity.

Observation:

  • Four cases of fulminant SSPE are presented, including individuals with early measles infection and one vaccinated case with a delayed onset after exposure.
  • Clinical presentation included ataxia, neurological deficits, myoclonic/atonic seizures, and rapid cognitive decline.
  • Neuroimaging revealed disseminated lesions, normal CT scans, and high anti-measles IgG in cerebrospinal fluid.

Findings:

  • Standard anticonvulsant therapy was ineffective in managing seizures.
  • Intrathecal interferon treatment did not alter the disease's rapid progression.
  • All patients experienced significant neurological deterioration.

Implications:

  • Infants infected with measles before vaccination are at risk for SSPE with shorter latency and rapid progression.
  • This highlights the continued importance of measles vaccination in preventing severe neurological sequelae.