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Updated: Jul 21, 2026

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Expired CO₂ Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department

Published on: January 29, 2011

[Emergency medicine yesterday].

¹Universität Ulm, Ulm.

Anasthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS

|March 27, 2003

Summary

Emergency medicine advanced significantly worldwide and in Germany from the 1960s, driven by research into sudden death pathophysiology and improved pre-hospital care. German anesthesiology was crucial in establishing effective emergency and intensive care services.

Area of Science:

Medical Sciences
Emergency Medicine Development
Pathophysiology Research

Context:

Emergency medicine's global and German development began in the early 1960s.
Historical recognition of treatment timing's impact on wound recovery dates to the 19th century.
Preclinical medical care needs were highlighted in 1938, but sudden death pathophysiology research emerged in 1960.

Purpose:

To outline the development of emergency medicine in Germany from the 1960s to 1990.
To detail the establishment of a survival sequence for accident sites and transportation.
To assess the advancements and remaining deficits in emergency medical services by 1990.

Summary:

The early 1960s saw advancements in preserving vital functions at accident scenes and during transport.

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A comprehensive emergency survival sequence was established, integrating organizational, structural, and personal requirements.

By 1990, significant progress was made, though some deficits persisted.

Impact:

German anesthesiology significantly contributed to the recognized efficiency of emergency and intensive care services.
The development enabled immediate and effective action through essential transportation, diagnostic, and therapeutic equipment.
Established a framework for immediate medical intervention, improving patient outcomes in critical situations.