A computational study to elucidate the extraordinary reactivity of three-membered heterocycles in nucleophilic...

The accelerated rates of small-membered heterocycles relative to acyclic analogues are typically rationalized solely in terms of relief of ring strain. The relative rates of attack of ammonia on oxirane, oxetane, thiirane, and thietane were determined computationally in the gas phase at the MP2(Full)/6-31+G(d) level with respect to the model acyclic compounds methoxyethane and thiomethylethane. Because the cyclic ether and thioether pairs have very similar strain energies, they should react at similar rates by the S(N)2 mechanism if the degree of strain energy release in the transition state is approximately equal. The reactivity of the four-membered rings could be explained almost entirely by relief of strain. The three-membered rings reacted at rates at least 10(6) times faster than calculated from ring strain considerations alone. The electronic distribution of the transition states was determined using AIM methodology and found to indicate that bond cleavage was virtually complete, while bond formation was incomplete. Calculation of atomic charges by the Mulliken, AIM, CHELPG, and NBO methods indicated that positive charge at the reaction center was significantly lower for the three-membered rings than other members of the series. A simple electrostatic model identified differences in energy sufficient to account for the observed rate acceleration. The unique topological features of a three-membered ring make it possible for the partially negatively charged oxygen or sulfur to reduce the positive charge on the reaction center.