A kinetic study of blinking responses in cats

Reflexively evoked and eye-related eyelid responses were recorded using the search coil in a magnetic field technique in alert cats. The downward phase of a blink was a large (up to 21 deg), fast (up to 2000 deg s-1) eyelid displacement in the closing direction, with an almost fixed rise time duration (15-20 ms); its maximum velocity was achieved in ~10 ms. Upward eyelid motion was separated into two phases. The first phase consisted of a fast eyelid displacement, with a short duration (approximately 30 ms) and a maximum velocity up to 900 deg s-1. The second phase had an exponential-like form, lasting for 200-400 ms, and a maximum velocity ranging between 30 and 250 deg s-1. Maximum blink velocity in the downward direction was linearly related to maximum velocity of the first upward phase. The first phase in the upward direction was never observed if the eyelid stayed closed for a long period (> 50 ms) or moved slowly in the closing direction before it started to open. In these two cases, the upswing motion of the blink reflex contained only the exponential-like movement characteristic of the second upward phase, and maximum velocity in the downward direction was not related to that of the eyelid upward displacement. Mean duration of eyelid downward saccades was approximately 130 ms, and their peak velocities ranged between 50 and 440 ms. A physiological model is presented explaining the active and passive forces involved in both reflex and saccadic eyelid responses. A second-order system seems to be appropriate to describe the postulated biomechanical model.