Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Relationship Formation

Relationship Formation

What do you think is the single most influential factor in determining with whom you become friends and whom you form romantic relationships? You might be surprised to learn that the answer is simple: the people with whom you have the most contact. This most important factor is proximity. You are more likely to be friends with people you have regular contact with. For example, there are decades of research that shows that you are more likely to become friends with people who live in your dorm,...

Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

Principle of Equivalence

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
In contrast, consider that the electric field is non-unique and apply Gauss's law in divergence form in the region between the conductors and the integral form to the surface...

Equivalent Couples

Equivalent Couples

In mechanical engineering, the concept of equivalent couples plays a crucial role in understanding and analyzing various mechanical systems.
Two couples are considered to be equivalent if they produce the same rotational effect on a rigid body. In other words, the two couples have the same magnitude and act in the same direction, causing the same angular displacement or acceleration in the body.
For instance, consider two couples lying in the plane of the page, with one having a pair of equal...

Complement System

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same journal

The Role of Telemedicine on Interhospital Transfer Outcomes : A Systematic Review.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

Prolonged Short Sleep and Its Effect on Body Weight and Composition : A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trials.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

In AF, LAAC was noninferior to NOAC therapy for a composite efficacy outcome and reduced non-procedure-related bleeding at 3 y.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

How AI is affecting medical journals.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

In adults with COPD, the BLISS score predicted risk for acute respiratory hospital admission at 2 y.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Same journal

In AF at risk for stroke and bleeding, LAAC was not noninferior to medical therapy for a composite of thromboembolic and safety events.

Annals of internal medicine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: April 15, 2011

Celebrating complementarity.

Mahlon B Hoagland

Annals of Internal Medicine

|April 2, 2003

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The 1950s saw major advances in understanding genes and protein synthesis. Key discoveries included DNA structure, genetic code, and the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) as adaptors in translating genetic information into proteins.

More Related Videos

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

Published on: June 15, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 7, 2026

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation

Published on: April 15, 2011

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

Dissecting Multi-protein Signaling Complexes by Bimolecular Complementation Affinity Purification (BiCAP)

Published on: June 15, 2018

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

The 1950s marked a pivotal era in understanding the gene's chemical nature and protein synthesis mechanisms.
James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated DNA structure, highlighting complementary nucleotide pairing.
The field of molecular biology emerged, focusing on genetic information coding and translation.

Discussion:

Biochemists, including Paul Zamecnik's group, investigated the intricacies of protein synthesis.
These efforts detailed how amino acids are energized, sequenced, and polymerized within the cell.
A significant convergence occurred in 1956, merging molecular biology and biochemistry approaches.

Key Insights:

Francis Crick proposed the existence of "adaptors"—RNA molecules linking amino acids to templates.
Simultaneously, Zamecnik's team discovered amino acyl-tRNA synthetases and transfer RNA (tRNA).
These tRNA molecules were found to attach energized amino acids and deliver them for protein elongation on ribosomes, fulfilling the adaptor function.

Outlook:

This integration of structural biology, genetics, and biochemistry laid the foundation for modern molecular biology.
Understanding the adaptor role of tRNA was crucial for deciphering the central dogma of molecular biology.
Further research continues to build upon these foundational discoveries in gene expression and protein synthesis.