[Prostate cancer]

At the present time, surgery and standard radiotherapy are considered equally effective to control prostate cancer (PC) though previous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) this failed to show this. Therefore, it is important to inform patients of the treatment toxicity as well as treatment effect in selecting treatment options. Dose escalation studies have been done to enhance the biochemical control rate of PC. RCTS are necessary to evaluate the optimal doses in each risk group. Long-term follow-up is necessary both for biochemical control and normal tissue toxicity. Hormone manipulation has been considered standard treatment for high risk groups. Combined with radiotherapy, it is used neoadjuvantly and/or adjuvantly and has been shown to raise the biochemical control rate compared with radiotherapy alone and even overall survival in some RCTs. The timing and length of hormone therapy and the total dose of radiotherapy need to be determined. Brachytherapy is a promising modality in concentrating the dose to the target volume. The treatment results for the present time depend largely on the skills of the operators. But in future, it will be considered a standard treatment. The treatment results for prostate cancer have been improving owing to the continuing efforts to enhance the therapeutic ratio.