A review of vitamins A, C, and E and their relationship to cardiovascular disease

Area of Science:

• Cardiovascular health and nutritional science.

Background:

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially coronary artery disease, is a leading cause of death in the U.S.
• Oxidation damage from free radicals is linked to pathogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) modification.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent epidemiologic research and clinical trials on vitamins A, C, and E in relation to CVD.
• To discuss vitamin supplementation behaviors and their impact on CVD prevention.

Main Methods:

• Analysis of prospective studies correlating vitamin intake with mortality rates.
• Evaluation of recent clinical trials and oxidation studies focusing on antioxidant vitamins and CVD outcomes.

Main Results:

• Prospective studies show vitamin A, C, and E intake correlates with lower mortality rates.
• Evidence suggests 100-400 IU of daily vitamin E for 2+ years may reduce LDL oxidation and CVD mortality.
• Vitamin E supplementation is supported for patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD) or transient ischemic attacks.
• Supplemental vitamin C may benefit individuals with diabetes, hypertension, or smoking habits.

Conclusions:

• Targeted antioxidant vitamin intake, especially vitamin E, should be part of CVD risk assessment and prevention strategies.
• Vitamin E supplementation shows promise in reducing LDL oxidation and improving CVD mortality rates.
• Specific populations may benefit from targeted vitamin C supplementation for CVD risk reduction.