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Novel cardiovascular risk factors
1Kent State University College of Nursing, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Section of Preventive Cardiology and Rehabilitation, USA. suzyhug@aol.com
Insights
Emerging risk factors like lipoprotein(a) and C-reactive protein may contribute to atherothrombosis. Clinicians must critically review evidence to advise patients on cardiovascular disease prevention.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Vascular Biology
- Preventive Medicine
Background:
- Established cardiovascular risk factors include high cholesterol, hypertension, and smoking.
- Atherothrombosis development and progression involve multiple suspected additional factors.
- Clinicians need a framework to evaluate emerging risk factors for patient advice.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current evidence on novel or emerging risk factors for atherothrombosis.
- To provide recommendations for clinicians regarding these emerging risk factors.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of research findings on specific emerging risk factors.
- Analysis of current evidence and clinical recommendations.
Main Results:
- Lipoprotein(a) is an emerging risk factor.
- Hyperhomocysteinemia is an emerging risk factor.
- C-reactive protein, infectious processes, fibrinogen, and microalbuminuria are emerging risk factors.
Conclusions:
- Emerging risk factors require critical evaluation by clinicians.
- Evidence-based advice on novel risk factors is crucial for cardiovascular disease prevention and management.
Abstract:
In addition to the well-established cardiovascular risk factors of elevated total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and cigarette smoking, multiple additional factors are suspected culprits in both the development and progression of atherothrombosis. It is key for the clinician to critically review research findings utilizing an organized framework in order to credibly advise the patient with cardiovascular disease or at risk for its development. The current evidence and recommendations regarding the following "novel"or "emerging" risk factors will be reviewed: lipoprotein(a), hyperhomocysteinemia, C-reactive protein, infectious processes, fibrinogen, and microalbuminuria.
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